UMAR AS CALIPH – II
(1) Umar expelled Jews out of Arabia
Bukhari Volume 3, Book 41, Number 2338:
Narrated Ibn
'Umar:
Umar expelled
the Jews and the Christians from Hijaz. When Allah's Apostle (s) had conquered
Khaibar, he wanted to expel the Jews from it as its land became the property of
Allah, His Apostle, and the Muslims.
Allah's Apostle
(s) intended to expel the Jews but they requested him to let them stay there on
the condition that they would do the labor and get half of the fruits.
Allah's Apostle
(s) told them, "We will let you stay on thus condition, as long as we
wish." So, they (i.e. Jews) kept on living there until 'Umar forced them
to go towards Taima' and Ariha'.
Bukhari
Volume 3, Book 54, Number 2720:
Narrated Abdullah bin Umar:
Allah's Apostle (s) gave the land of
Khaibar to the Jews on the condition that they would work on it and cultivate
it and they would get half of its yield.
Bukhari Volume 3, Book 54, Number 2730:
Narrated Ibn
Umar:
When the people
of Khaibar dislocated Abdullah bin Umar's hands and feet, Umar got up
delivering a sermon saying, "No doubt, Allah's Apostle (s) made
a contract with the Jews concerning their properties, and said to them, 'We
allow you (to stand in your land) as long as Allah allows you.' Now Abdullah
bin Umar went to his land and was attacked at night, and his hands and feet
were dislocated, and as we have no enemies there except those Jews, they are
our enemies and the only people whom we suspect, I have made up my mind to
exile them." When Umar decided to carry out his decision, a son of Abu
Al-Haqiq's came and addressed 'Umar, "O chief of the believers, will you
exile us although Muhammad (s) allowed
us to stay at our places, and made a contract with us about our properties, and
accepted the condition of our residence in our land?" 'Umar said, "Do
you think that I have forgotten the statement of Allah's Apostle (s),
i.e.: What will your condition be when you are expelled from Khaibar and your
camel will be carrying you night after night?" The Jew replied, "That
was joke from Abu-l-Qasim." 'Umar said, "O the enemy of Allah! You
are telling a lie." 'Umar then drove them out and paid them the price of their properties in the form of fruits, money,
camel saddles and ropes, etc."
Bukhari
Volume 4, Book 57, Number 3152:
Narrated Ibn
'Umar:
Umar bin
Al-Khattab expelled all the Jews and Christians from the land of Hijaz. Allah's
Apostle (s) after
conquering Khaibar thought of expelling the Jews from the land which, after he
conquered it belonged to Allah, Allah's Apostle (s) and
the Muslims. But the Jews requested Allah's Apostle (s)
to leave them there on the
condition that they would do the labor and get half of the fruits (the land
would yield). Allah's Apostle (s) said,
"We shall keep you on these terms as long as we wish." Thus they
stayed till the time of 'Umar's Caliphate when he expelled them to Taima and
Ariha.
(2) Umar entertained complaints against
senior companions
Bukhari Volume 5, Book 62, Number 3728:
Narrated Qais:
I heard Sad
saying, "I was the first amongst the 'Arabs who shot an arrow for Allah's
Cause. We used to fight along with the Prophet (s), while we had nothing to eat
except the leaves of trees so that one's excrete would look like the excrete
balls of camel or a sheep, containing nothing to mix them together. Today Banu
Asad tribe blames me for not having understood Islam. I would be a loser if my
deeds were in vain." Those people complained about Sad to 'Umar, claiming
that he did not offer his prayers perfectly.
(3) Umar strictly followed footsteps of Prophet
(s)
& Abu Bakar not distributed Gold Silver
in Kaba because Prophet (s) did not
(48) CHAPTER. The covering of the Ka'bah
Bukhari Volume 2, Book 25, Number 1594:
Narrated Abu
Wail:
(One day) I sat
along with Shaiba on the chair inside the Ka'ba. He (Shaiba) said, "No
doubt, Umar sat at this place and said,
'I intended not to leave any yellow (i.e. gold) or white (i.e. silver) (inside
the Ka'ba) undistributed.' I said (to 'Umar), 'But your two companions (i.e. The Prophet and Abu Bakr) did not do
so.' 'Umar said, they are the two persons whom I always follow.' "
Bukhari
Volume 9, Book 96, Number 7275:
Narrated Abu
Wail:
I sat with
Shaiba in this Mosque (Al-Masjid-Al-Haram), and he said, "'Umar once sat
beside me here as you are now sitting, and “said, 'I feel like distributing all
the gold and silver that are in it (i.e., the Ka'ba) among the Muslims'. I
said, 'You cannot do that.' 'Umar said, 'Why?' I said, 'Your two (previous)
companions (the Prophet and Abu Bakr) did not do it. 'Umar said, 'They are the two persons whom one must follow.'
(4)
Umar a strict ruler but judicious
& just
Bukhari
Volume 4, Book 56, Number 3059:
Narrated Aslam:
'Umar bin Al- Khattãb; appointed a freed slave of his, called Hunaiyya, manager of the Hima' (i.e., a pasture devoted for grazing the animals of the Zakat or other specified animals). He said to him, "O’ Hunaiyya! Don't oppress the Muslims and ward off their curse (invocations against you), for the invocation of the oppressed is responded to (by Allah); and allow the shepherd having a few camels and those having few sheep (to graze their animals), and take care not to allow the livestock of 'Abdur-Rahman bin ' 'Auf and the livestock of ('Uthman) bin' Affan, for if their livestock should perish, then they have their farms and gardens, while those who own a few camels and those who own a few sheep, if their livestock should perish, they would bring their dependents to me and appeal for help saying, '0’ chief of the believers - 0’ chief of the believers!' Would I then neglect them? (No, of course). So, I find it easier to let them have water and grass rather than to give them gold and silver (from the Muslim's Treasury). By Allah, these people think that I have been unjust to them. This is their land, and during the pre-Islamic period, they fought for it and they embraced Islam (willingly) while it was in their possession. By Him in Whose Hand my soul is! Were it not for the animals (in my custody) which I give to be ridden for striving in Allah's Cause, I would not have turned even a span of their land into a Hima ."
(5) Umar stabbed; care for common citizen
& election of new caliph
I saw 'Umar bin Al-Khattab a few days before he was stabbed in Al-Medina. He was standing with Hudhaifa bin Al-Yaman and 'Uthman bin Hunaif to whom he said, "What have you done? Do you think that you have imposed more taxation on the land of As-Swad (i.e., 'Iraq)] than it can bear?" They replied, "We have imposed on it what it can bear because of its great yield." 'Umar again said, "Check whether you have imposed on the land what it cannot bear." They said, "No, (we haven't)." 'Umar added, "If Allah should keep me alive I will let the widows of ‘Iraq needs no men to support them after me." But only four days had elapsed when he was stabbed (to death). The day he was stabbed, I was standing and there was nobody between me and him (i.e., 'Umar) except 'Abdullah bin 'Abbas. Whenever 'Umar passed between the two rows, he would say, "Stand in straight lines." When he saw no defect (in the rows); he would go forward and start the Salat (prayer) with Takbir. He would recite Surat Yusuf or An-Nahl or the like in the first Raka so that the people may have the time to join the Salat (prayer). As soon as he said Takbir, I heard him saying, "The dog has killed or eaten me," at the time he (i.e., the murderer) stabbed him. A non-Arab infidel proceeded on, carrying a double edged knife and stabbing all the persons he passed by on the right and left (till) he stabbed thirteen persons out of whom seven died. When one of the Muslims saw that, he threw a cloak on him. Realizing that he had been captured, the non-Arab infidel killed himself. 'Umar held the hand of 'Abdur-Rahman bin 'Auf and let him lead the Salat (prayer). Those who were standing by the side of 'Umar saw what I saw, but the people who were in the other parts of the mosque did not see anything, but they lost the voice of 'Umar and they were saying, "Subhãn Allah! Subhan Allah! (i.e., Glorified be Allah)." 'Abdur-Rahman bin 'Auf led the people in a short Salat (prayer). When they finished the Salat (prayer), 'Umar said, "O’ Ibn 'Abbas! Find out who attacked me." Ibn 'Abbas kept on looking here and there for a short time and came to say, "The slave of Al-Mughira." On that 'Umar said, "The craftsman?" Ibn 'Abbas said, "Yes." 'Umar said, "May Allah curse him. I did not treat him unjustly. All the praises and thanks are to Allah Who has not caused me to die at the hands of a man who claims himself to be a Muslim. No doubt, you and your father (Abbas) used to love to have more non-Arab infidels in Al-Madina." AI-'Abbas had the greatest number of slaves. Ibn 'Abbas said to 'Umar, "If you wish, we will do." He meant, "If you wish we will kill them." 'Umar said, "You are mistaken (for you can't kill them) after they have spoken your language, offered prayers towards your Qibla, and performed Hajj like yours." Then 'Umar was carried to his house, and we went along with him, and the people were as if they had never suffered any calamity before that day. Some said, "Do not worry (he will be alright soon)." Some said, "We are afraid (that he will die)." Then an infusion of dates was brought to him and he drank it but it came out (of the wound) of his belly. Then milk was brought to him and he drank it, and it also came out of his belly. The people realized that he would die. We went to him, and the people came, praising him. A young man came, saying, "O’ chief of the believers! Receive the glad tidings from Allah to you due to your company with Allah's Messenger, and your superiority in Islam which you know. Then you became the ruler (i.e., caliph) and you ruled with justice and finally you have been martyred." 'Umar said, "I wish that all these privileges will counterbalance (my shortcomings) so that I will neither lose nor gain anything." When the young man turned back to leave, his clothes seemed to be touching the ground. 'Umar said, "Call the young man back to me." (When he came back) 'Umar said, "O’ son of my brother! Lift your clothes, for this will keep your clothes clean and save you from the punishment of your lord." 'Umar further said, "0 'Abdullah bin 'Umar! See how much I am in debt to others." When the debt was checked, it amounted to approximately eighty-six thousand. 'Umar said, "If the property of 'Umar's family covers the debt, then pay the debt thereof; otherwise request it from Bani Adi bin Ka'b, and if that too, is not sufficient, ask for it from Quraish tribe, and do not ask for it from anyone else, and pay this debt on my behalf." 'Umar then said (to 'Abdullah), "Go to 'Aishah (Mother of the believers) and say: 'Umar is paying his salutation to you.' But don't say: chief of the believers, because today I am not chief of the believers and say: 'Umar bin Al-Khattab asks the permission to be buried with his two companions (i.e., the Prophet, and Abu Bakr).'" Abdullah greeted 'Aishah and asked for the permission for entering, and then entered to her and found her sitting and weeping. He said to her, ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab is paying his salutations to you, and asks the permission to be buried with his two companions." She said, "I had the idea of having this place for myself, but today I prefer' 'Umar to myself." When he returned it was said (to 'Umar), "'Abdullah bin 'Umar has come." 'Umar said, "Make me sit up." Somebody supported him against his body and 'Umar asked ('Abdullah), "What news do you have?" He said, "O’ chief of the believers! It is as you wish. She has given the permission." 'Umar said, "Praise be to Allah, there was nothing more important to me than this. So when I die, take me, and greet 'Aishah and say: 'Umar bin Al-Khattab asks the permission (to be buried with the Prophet), and if she gives the permission, bury me there, and if she refuses, then take me to the graveyard of the Muslims." Then Hafsa (the Mother of the believers) came with many other women walking with her. When we saw her, we went away. She went in (to 'Umar) and wept there for some time. When the men asked for permission to enter, she went into another place, and we heard her weeping inside. The people said (to 'Umar), "0 chief of the believers! Appoint a successor." 'Umar said, "I do not find anyone more suitable for the job than the following persons, or group, whom Allah's Messenger had been pleased with before he died." Then 'Umar mentioned 'Ali, 'Uthman, Az-Zubair, Talha, Sa'd and 'Abdur-Rahman (bin 'Auf) and said, "Abdullah bin 'Umar will be a witness to you, but he will have no share in the rule. His being a witness will compensate him for not sharing the right of ruling. If Sa'd becomes the ruler, it will be alright; otherwise, whoever becomes the ruler should seek his help, as I have not dismissed him because of incompetence or dishonesty." 'Umar added, "I recommend that my successor takes care of the early emigrants; to know their rights and protect their honor and sacred things. I also recommend that he be kind to the Ansar who had lived in Al-Madina before the emigrants and Belief had entered their hearts before them. I recommend that the (ruler) should accept the good of the righteous among them and excuse their wrongdoers, and I recommend that he should do good to all the people of the towns (Al-Ansãr) as they are the protectors of Islam and the source of wealth and the source of annoyance to the enemy. I also recommend that nothing be taken from them except from their surplus with their consent. I also recommend that he do good to the Al-Arab (Arab Bedouin), as they are the origin of the Arabs and the material of Islam. He should take from what is inferior, amongst their properties and distribute that to the poor amongst them. I also recommend him concerning Allah's and His Messenger's protectees (i.e., Dhimmi) to fulfill their contracts and to fight for them and not to overburden them with what is beyond their ability." So when 'Umar expired, we carried him out and set out walking. 'Abdullah bin -'Umar greeted ('Aishah) and said," 'Umar bin A1-Khattab asks for the permission. 'Aishah said, "Bring him in." He was brought in and buried beside his two companions. When he was buried the group (recommended by 'Umar) held a meeting. Then 'Abdur-Rahman said, "Reduce the candidates for ruler ship to three of you." Az-Zubair said, "I give up my right to 'Ali." Talha said, "I give up my right to 'Uthman," Sa'd said, "I give up my right to 'Abdur-Ralman bin 'Auf." 'Abdur-Rahmãn then said (to Uthman and Ali) "Now which of you is willing to give up his right of candidacy so that he may choose the better of the two, bearing in mind that Allah will be his witness and so will be Islam." So both the sheikhs (i.e., 'Uthman and 'Ali) kept silent. 'Abdur- Rahman said, "Will you both leave this matter to me, and I take Allah as my Witness that I will not choose but the better of you?" They said, "Yes." So 'Abdur-Rahmãn took the hand of one of them (i.e., 'Ali) and said, "You are related to Allah's Messenger and one of the earliest Muslims, as you know well. So, I ask you by Allah to promise that if I select you as a ruler you will do justice, and if I select Uthman as a ruler, you will listen to him and obey him." Then he took the other (i.e. 'Uthman) aside and said the same to him. When 'Abdur-Rahmãn secured (their agreement to) this covenant, he said, "O’ Uthman! Raise your hand." So he (i.e. 'Abdur-Rahman) gave him (i.e., 'Uthman) the Baia (pledge), and then 'Ali gave him the Bai'a and then all the people of Al-Madina gave him the Baia.
(6) Umar judged on
outward action not intentionwhich only Allah knows or informedProphet (s) in his life time
(5) CHAPTER. The just witnesses and the Statement
of Allah;
"... Such as you agree for
witnesses..." (2:282)
Bukhari Volume 3, Book 52, Number 2641:
Narrated 'Umar bin Al-Khattab:
People were (sometimes) judged
by the revealing of a Divine Inspiration during the lifetime of Allah's Apostle
(s) but now there is no longer any more (new revelation). Now we judge you by
the deeds you practice publicly, so we will trust and favor the one who does
good deeds in front of us, and we will not call him to account about what he is
really doing in secret, for Allah will judge him for that; but we will not
trust or believe the one who presents to us with an evil deed even if he claims
that his intentions were good.
(7) Ayah about Rajam & question of caliphate
Note 1: Ordains contained in Torah were carried on and were practiced by Prophet (s) unless cancelled by last revelation, Quran. Umar in above Hadis meant he had read in Torah creating a doubt that this Ayah was in Quran and latter was not found. Quran word by word is preserved by The Creator;
Bukhari Volume 8, Book 86, Number 6830:
Narrated Ibn 'Abbas:
I used to teach (the Qur'an to) some
people of the Muhajirin (emigrants), among whom there was 'Abdur Rahman bin
'Auf. While I was in his house at Mina, and he was with 'Umar bin Al-Khattab
during 'Umar's last Hajj, Abdur-Rahman came to me and said, "Would that
you had seen the man who came today to the Chief of the Believers ('Umar),
saying, 'O Chief of the Believers! What do you think about so-and-so who says,
'If 'Umar should die, I will give the pledge of allegiance to such-and-such
person, as by Allah, the pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr was nothing but a prompt
sudden action which got established afterwards.' 'Umar became angry and then
said, 'Allah willing, I will stand before the people tonight and warn them
against those people who want to deprive the others of their rights (the
question of ruler ship)."
'Abdur-Rahman said, "I said, 'O
Chief of the believers! Do not do that, for the season of Hajj gathers the
riff-raff and the rubble, and it will be they who will gather around you when
you stand to address the people. And I am afraid that you will get up and say
something, and some people will spread your statement and may not say what you
have actually said and may not understand its meaning, and may interpret it
incorrectly, so you should wait till you reach Medina, as it is the place of
emigration and the place of Prophet's Traditions, and there you can come in
touch with the learned and noble people, and tell them your ideas with
confidence; and the learned people will understand your statement and put it in
its proper place.' On that, 'Umar said, 'By Allah! Allah willing, I will do
this in the first speech I will deliver before the people in Medina."
Ibn Abbas added: We reached Medina by the
end of the month of Dhul-Hijja, and when it was Friday, we went quickly (to the
mosque) as soon as the sun had declined, and I saw Sa'id bin Zaid bin 'Amr bin
Nufail sitting at the corner of the pulpit, and I too sat close to him so that
my knee was touching his knee, and after a short while 'Umar bin Al-Khattab
came out, and when I saw him coming towards us, I said to Said bin Zaid bin
'Amr bin Nufail "Today 'Umar will say such a thing as he has never said
since he was chosen as Caliph." Said denied my statement with astonishment
and said, "What thing do you expect 'Umar to say the like of which he has
never said before?"
In the meantime, 'Umar sat on the pulpit
and when the call makers for the prayer had finished their call, 'Umar stood
up, and having glorified and praised Allah as He deserved, he said, "Now
then, I am going to tell you something which (Allah) has written for me to say.
I do not know; perhaps it portends my death, so whoever understands and
remembers it, must narrate it to the others wherever his mount takes him, but
if somebody is afraid that he does not understand it, then it is unlawful for
him to tell lies about me. Allah sent Muhammad with the Truth and revealed the
Holy Book to him, and among what Allah revealed, was the Verse of the Rajam
(the stoning of married person (male & female) who commits illegal sexual
intercourse, and we did recite this Verse and understood and memorized it.
Allah's Apostle did carry out the punishment of stoning and so did we after
him.
I am afraid that after a long
time has passed, somebody will say, 'By Allah, we do not find the Verse of the
Rajam in Allah's Book,' and thus they will go astray by leaving an obligation
which Allah has revealed. And the punishment of the Rajam is to be inflicted to
any married person (male & female), who commits illegal sexual intercourse,
if the required evidence is available or there is conception or confession. And
then we used to recite among the Verses in Allah's Book: 'O people! Do not
claim to be the offspring of other than your fathers, as it is disbelief
(unthankfulness) on your part that you claim to be the offspring of other than
your real father.' Then Allah's Apostle said, 'Do not praise me excessively as
Jesus, son of Marry was praised, but call me Allah's Slave and His Apostles.'
(O people!) I have been informed that a
speaker amongst you says, 'By Allah, if 'Umar should die, I will give the
pledge of allegiance to such-and-such person.' One should not deceive oneself
by saying that the pledge of allegiance given to Abu Bakr was given suddenly
and it was successful. No doubt, it was like that, but Allah saved (the people)
from its evil, and there is none among you who has the qualities of Abu Bakr.
Remember that whoever gives the pledge of allegiance to anybody among you
without consulting the other Muslims, neither that person, nor the person to
whom the pledge of allegiance was given, are to be supported, lest they both
should be killed.
And no doubt after the death of the
Prophet (s) we were informed that the Ansar disagreed with us and gathered in
the shed of Bani Sa'da. 'Ali and Zubair and whoever was with them, opposed us,
while the emigrants gathered with Abu Bakr. I said to Abu Bakr, 'Let's go to
these Ansari brothers of ours.' So we set out seeking them, and when we
approached them, two pious men of theirs met us and informed us of the final
decision of the Ansar, and said, 'O group of Muhajirin (emigrants) ! Where are
you going?' We replied, 'We are going to these Ansari brothers of ours.' They
said to us, 'You shouldn't go near them. Carry out whatever we have already
decided.' I said, 'By Allah, we will go to them.' And so we proceeded until we
reached them at the shed of Bani Sa'da. Behold! There was a man sitting amongst
them and wrapped in something. I asked, 'Who is that man?' They said, 'He is
Sa'd bin 'Ubada.' I asked, 'What is wrong with him?' They said, 'He is sick.'
After we sat for a while, the Ansar's speaker said, 'None has the right to be
worshipped but Allah,' and praising Allah as He deserved, he added, 'To
proceed, we are Allah's Ansar (helpers) and the majority of the Muslim army,
while you, the emigrants, are a small group and some people among you came with
the intention of preventing us from practicing this matter (of caliphate) and
depriving us of it.'
When the speaker had finished, I intended
to speak as I had prepared a speech which I liked and which I wanted to deliver
in the presence of Abu Bakr, and I used to avoid provoking him. So, when I
wanted to speak, Abu Bakr said, 'Wait a while.' I disliked to make him angry.
So Abu Bakr himself gave a speech, and he was wiser and more patient than I. By
Allah, he never missed a sentence that I liked in my own prepared speech, but
he said the like of it or better than it spontaneously. After a pause he said,
'O Ansar! You deserve all (the qualities that you have attributed to
yourselves, but this question (of Caliphate) is only for the Quraish as they
are the best of the Arabs as regards descent and home, and I am pleased to
suggest that you choose either of these two men, so take the oath of allegiance
to either of them as you wish. And then Abu Bakr held my hand and Abu Ubada bin
Abdullah's hand who was sitting amongst us. I hated nothing of what he had said
except that proposal, for by Allah, I would rather have my neck chopped off as
expiator for a sin than become the ruler of a nation, one of whose members is
Abu Bakr, unless at the time of my death my own-self suggests something I don't
feel at present.'
And then one of the Ansar said, 'I am the
pillar on which the camel with a skin disease (eczema) rubs itself to satisfy
the itching (i.e., I am a noble), and I am as a high class palm tree! O
Quraish. There should be one ruler from us and one from you.'
Then there was a hue and cry among the
gathering and their voices rose so that I was afraid there might be great
disagreement, so I said, 'O Abu Bakr! Hold your hand out.' He held his hand out
and I pledged allegiance to him, and then all the emigrants gave the Pledge of
allegiance and so did the Ansar afterwards. And so we became victorious over
Sa'd bin Ubada (whom Al-Ansar wanted to make a ruler). One of the Ansar said,
'You have killed Sa'd bin Ubada.' I replied, 'Allah has killed Sa'd bin Ubada.'
Umar added, "By Allah, apart from the great tragedy that had happened to
us (i.e. the death of the Prophet), there was no greater problem than the allegiance
pledged to Abu Bakr because we were afraid that if we left the people, they
might give the Pledge of allegiance after us to one of their men, in which case
we would have given them our consent for something against our real wish, or
would have opposed them and caused great trouble. So if any person gives the
Pledge of allegiance to somebody (to become a Caliph) without consulting the
other Muslims, then the one he has selected should not be granted allegiance,
lest both of them should be killed."
Note 2: Umar in above Hadis means having read this verse from
Torah as Quran at many places calls both revelations as one and the same. Dr.
Asrar in “Dura e Quran” mentions this Hadis with this explanation for the Surah
34 Ayah 31.
“The disbelievers say, "We shall never believe in this
Qur`an, nor in any other Book which came before it." 50 Would that you could
see these wicked people at the time when they will be standing before their
Lord! Then, they will blame one another. Those who had been oppressed in the
world, will say to the arrogant, "But for you we would have been the
believers."51 (34:31)
But when the Truth came to them from Us, they said, "Why
has he not been given the same which was given to Moses?" 67 Have they not rejected
that which had been given to Moses before? 68 They said, "Both
are works of magic, 69 which assist each
other." And they said, "We believe in neither." (O Prophet,) say to
them, "Well, bring a book from Allah, which may give better guidance than
these two, if you are truthful I shall follow the same." 70 Now, if they do not
meet this demand of yours, you should know that they are, in fact, the
followers of their own lusts. And who could go farther astray than the one who
follows his own lusts, without guidance from Allah ? Allah does not at all
guide such wicked people. And We have conveyed to them the admonition over and
over again so that they may take heed. 71 (28:48-51)
Note 3: Quraish in
their hearts and hearts knew Quran and Torah have but one source.
“Yet before it there has come the Book of Moses as a guide and a mercy, and this Book has been revealed to confirm it in the Arabic tongue so as to warn the wrongdoers 17 and to give good news to those who have adopted the righteous conduct.” (46:12)
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